Lord of the Flies (Savagery vs. Civilisation) Essay Example

Lord of the Flies (Savagery vs. Civilisation) Essay In the allegorical novel, Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding at the end of WWII, the writer communicates the main issue warning that given the right set of circumstances, human beings care capable of savagery. This issue in the novel is developed by the tracking of a struggle between the forces of good and evil or of civilisation versus savagery by using the symbols of the conch, the signal fire and the two characters Ralph and Jack.Becoming marooned on a deserted island with no adult supervision, a group of young boys decide to form their own civilisation with rules and regulations. Things start off well, but the longer the boys stay on the island the children’s innocence starts to give way to the savagery that lurks in them. Firstly, by using the symbol of the conch, Golding communicates the main issue of civilisation versus savagery by creating the conch with a sense of democratic power. When Ralph and Piggy discover the conch shell they use it to summon the othe r boys.When the boys gather they then use it for civilisation and order by letting he who holds it speak, just as the man with the megaphone did. But as the story progresses, the conch loses its power as the island’s civilised manner is lost because the boys descend into savagery. â€Å"The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee; the conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist. † With the conch being destroyed we know that the civilisation that was left has also been destroyed, this is one of the most memorable parts of the novel.As the boys rampage through the island, I believe that the author is implying that humans have the natural tendency to descend into/revert to savagery and cruelty once all civilisation is lost. Secondly, the symbol of the signal fire was used to represent the connection to civilisation that the boys had. We see in the beginning of the novel that when the boys start the fire they use it to attract any passing ships with the hope of being rescued. By maintaining the fire it is a sign that the boys would like to be rescued and returned to society.But as the fire starts to die out so does the boys desire to be rescued. We see this when the two characters Ralph and Piggy are discussing the issue of the dying fire, â€Å"’We can’t keep one fire going. And they don’t care. And what’s more†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ says Ralph. ‘Whats more, I don’t sometimes. Supposing I got like the others†¦ Not caring. What ‘ud become of us? ’† We see that Ralph is taking concern over what is happening, but he still has that ‘uncaring’ attitude just as the other boys. This is when we realise that the boys start to accept savagery into their lives.The signal fire is really a measurement of how strong the sense of civilisation is that remains on the island. Lastly, since Lord of the Flies is an allegorical novel, many of its characters symbolis e important ideas or themes. For example, between the two characters Ralph and Jack, we see that Ralph represents order, leadership and civilisation. Where as Jack symbolises savagery and the desire for power. We see this when Ralph declares that a leader should be appointed, ‘he lifted the conch. Seems to me we ought to have a chief to decide things. † Then Jack goes to say, â€Å"I ought to be chief,† said Jack with simple arrogance, â€Å"because I’m chapter choirist and head boy. I can sing C sharp. † Golding shows us through these two characters’ conflict that while Ralph was chief that civilisation was high amongst the group. But as Jack starts to influence the boys as the story goes on, he begins to take charge and the other boys start to look to Jack instead of Ralph and thus begins the social deterioration and fragmentation of the group.This is how the author portrays that savagery among the boys starts to exceed the civilised life th at was first intended on the island. The main issue of civilisation versus savagery was shown through the symbols of the conch, the signal fire and the two characters Ralph and Jack. Golding used these symbols to illustrate how he believes that by being put in a situation like the choir boys with no society or authority, that you will naturally be opened to the innate evil and savagery that has always existed in oneself. Rather than peace and civilisation that is bestowed on you. Lord of the Flies (Savagery vs. Civilisation) Essay Example Lord of the Flies (Savagery vs. Civilisation) Essay In the allegorical novel, Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding at the end of WWII, the writer communicates the main issue warning that given the right set of circumstances, human beings care capable of savagery. This issue in the novel is developed by the tracking of a struggle between the forces of good and evil or of civilisation versus savagery by using the symbols of the conch, the signal fire and the two characters Ralph and Jack.Becoming marooned on a deserted island with no adult supervision, a group of young boys decide to form their own civilisation with rules and regulations. Things start off well, but the longer the boys stay on the island the children’s innocence starts to give way to the savagery that lurks in them. Firstly, by using the symbol of the conch, Golding communicates the main issue of civilisation versus savagery by creating the conch with a sense of democratic power. When Ralph and Piggy discover the conch shell they use it to summon the othe r boys.When the boys gather they then use it for civilisation and order by letting he who holds it speak, just as the man with the megaphone did. But as the story progresses, the conch loses its power as the island’s civilised manner is lost because the boys descend into savagery. â€Å"The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee; the conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist. † With the conch being destroyed we know that the civilisation that was left has also been destroyed, this is one of the most memorable parts of the novel.As the boys rampage through the island, I believe that the author is implying that humans have the natural tendency to descend into/revert to savagery and cruelty once all civilisation is lost. Secondly, the symbol of the signal fire was used to represent the connection to civilisation that the boys had. We see in the beginning of the novel that when the boys start the fire they use it to attract any passing ships with the hope of being rescued. By maintaining the fire it is a sign that the boys would like to be rescued and returned to society.But as the fire starts to die out so does the boys desire to be rescued. We see this when the two characters Ralph and Piggy are discussing the issue of the dying fire, â€Å"’We can’t keep one fire going. And they don’t care. And what’s more†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ says Ralph. ‘Whats more, I don’t sometimes. Supposing I got like the others†¦ Not caring. What ‘ud become of us? ’† We see that Ralph is taking concern over what is happening, but he still has that ‘uncaring’ attitude just as the other boys. This is when we realise that the boys start to accept savagery into their lives.The signal fire is really a measurement of how strong the sense of civilisation is that remains on the island. Lastly, since Lord of the Flies is an allegorical novel, many of its characters symbolis e important ideas or themes. For example, between the two characters Ralph and Jack, we see that Ralph represents order, leadership and civilisation. Where as Jack symbolises savagery and the desire for power. We see this when Ralph declares that a leader should be appointed, ‘he lifted the conch. Seems to me we ought to have a chief to decide things. † Then Jack goes to say, â€Å"I ought to be chief,† said Jack with simple arrogance, â€Å"because I’m chapter choirist and head boy. I can sing C sharp. † Golding shows us through these two characters’ conflict that while Ralph was chief that civilisation was high amongst the group. But as Jack starts to influence the boys as the story goes on, he begins to take charge and the other boys start to look to Jack instead of Ralph and thus begins the social deterioration and fragmentation of the group.This is how the author portrays that savagery among the boys starts to exceed the civilised life th at was first intended on the island. The main issue of civilisation versus savagery was shown through the symbols of the conch, the signal fire and the two characters Ralph and Jack. Golding used these symbols to illustrate how he believes that by being put in a situation like the choir boys with no society or authority, that you will naturally be opened to the innate evil and savagery that has always existed in oneself. Rather than peace and civilisation that is bestowed on you.

Outline and Summary Essays

Outline and Summary Essays Outline and Summary Essay Outline and Summary Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Outline and Summary Outline Complex demands placed on finance function v Finance professionals have increased responsibilities Participate in strategic decision making Are involved in leadership Work closely with other organizational departments They have become partners in businesses Finance leaders need to increase competence v Finance leaders need to increase capabilities in different areas Need to gain and enhance financial experience Use different communication channels to reach different audience Look for learning opportunities Volunteer services Diversify profession Personal attributes Ensure personal responsibility Maintain professional integrity Be a risk taker Willing to undertake more non-accounting responsibilities Summary The article, â€Å"Working in Accountancy: Essentials for a Successful Career† examines the field of accountancy specifically addressing the factors that contribute towards making accountants and other finance professionals successful in their careers. The article draws from the report done by the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, Hays, and American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, which highlights some of the challenges faced by finance professionals and the opportunities available to them. The role of accounting professionals continue to transform in light of the changing organizations and this requires the accountant to have added capabilities. There is a need for finance professionals to add and enhance their capabilities to deal with the emerging changes that are present in organizations. Accountants are useful to organizations because of their financial skills and they provide other services to the organizations. Having substantial ethical standards is essential for financial professionals, and for the accounting profession. It enables the accountants to maintain the credibility of their profession, and maintain their own credibility. Accountants should be brave and should be risk takers. In addition, they should be open-minded towards what they can learn. This includes making proper use of technology such as e-learning and investing one’s time in others. Accountants should also demonstrate other personal attributes including confidence, leadership skills, persuasion and influencing skills, and flexibility. Currently, accountants have more roles within the organization The role of accountants has changed in organizations. Accountants have to provide specialist services to the organizations’ leaders and help them in making value based decisions. They are partners in the business and they take a keen interest in the commercial aspect of the organization. They work with different departments in the organizations, and they help these departments in making strategic decisions for the organization. Accounting is no longer just about numbers, but it has become more people-oriented. There are different channels that accountants can use to develop and progress in their careers. Accountants can progress in their careers in different ways. Some accountants are fortunate to be employed in the four principal accounting recruitment firms. Other accountants prefer starting their careers with smaller companies. Accountants should volunteer their services, conduct customer visits and perform job swaps as this increases their exposure and experiences. This article has covered different emerging trends within the accounting fields. It has examined the continued importance of accounting, which has led to its growth. It has also examined the changing nature of the accounting profession, the characters that can enhance the accountants’ success, and the different channels that accountants can use to advance their careers. Moneycontrol.com. Working in Accountancy: Essentials for a Successful Career. 12 Oct. 2012. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Print.

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Biology - Essay Example A large meteorite could weigh several tons and hit the ground at a speed of some 40,000 kilometers per hour. The impact of this could be much higher and worse than the power of 1000 Hiroshima bombs. A crater could be formed where it falls and the material in the crater can get heated and become slung in the atmosphere. The impact could be so heavy that this could in turn fall with a great force several miles away and explode as if a volcanic eruption has taken place. The shock waves can flatten trees and buildings if it falls on land and it could result in tsunami or floods if it falls on the sea. The dust created due to this impact could block the sun light for several years and this would lead to mass destruction. Plants could die due to lack of sunlight and animals due to lack of food. The diversity of life would be adversely affected with this impact. Agriculture would be badly hit as all major food crops, including corn, wheat, and soybeans, depend on the introduction of new strains. Medicines are made from substances derived from plants, animals, or microorganisms for instance penicillin for antibiotics comes from the pencillium fungi. The planet earth has a wealth of natural resources and the economy itself is dependent on these resources. Sunlight is vitally important because its absence could have a direct affect on food, clothing, and medicines. Trees and plants return oxygen to the air through photosynthesis; bacteria break down organic material, building, and fertilizing the soil. Thousands of natural products are used by the industry to give us everyday goods. The seaweed is used in plastics, polishes, paints, deodorants, detergents, dyes, fire-extinguishing foams, lubricants, meat preservatives, and chicken feed, to name a few. Certain species support the entire ecosystem. If these species were to disappear under the impact of the meteor, it could affect human life, the heredity, and its

Public Service Electric and Gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Public Service Electric and Gas - Essay Example Organisational change is the implementation of new thoughts and activities by a company. Organisational change is important in the sense that it can increase the efficiency of employees by achieving the goals. There are numerous challenges for change in organisation culture. To make the change successful, there is need to focus on developing association with stakeholders and unions. Organisations need to commence appropriate change program for successful change (Sengupta & Bhattacharya, 2006). The essay will describe the change in safety culture of PSE&G. PSE&G had faced several challenges in order to administer changes in safety culture. It was a long changing process which resulted in success. Reason for Change The change in safety measures of PSE&G had started in the year 1999 by virtue of cultural change. The reason for the change is to ensure safety of employees of PSE&G. It has almost 6500 employees and 32 factories. PSE&G had encountered recordable accident rates and loss of w orking days because of safety. In the year 2005, according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the loss of working days had become 0.33 by the year 2007 (Simon & Cistaro, 2009). The following table shows the employees injury rate of PSE&G from 2001–2007: Source: (Simon & Cistaro, 2009). Organisational Design Issue The major design problem an organisation often confronts is the selection of horizontal differentiation and vertical differentiation which let organisation to manage the actions of employees for accomplishing the objectives. The following are major design issues that can be faced by an organisation: Source: (Jones & Mathew, 2008). Vertical Differentiation: Vertical differentiation is the method of forming the hierarchy of power and develops reporting connection to connect organisational job with organizational units. It helps to manage the actions and enhance the capability to develop a value of any organization through establishing the allo cation of power (Jones & Mathew, 2008) Horizontal Differentiation: Horizontal differentiation helps an individual to be specialised and be more dynamic. However, this type of delineation hinders the communication between divisions or units and averts people to learn from one another. As a consequence of horizontal differentiation, people of different units create a propensity to see one’s job strictly from the perception of the time structure, objective and interpersonal course of other’s unit. When different jobs are viewed differently, communication becomes unsuccessful and coordination fails between units (Jones & Mathew, 2008) In cultural change, PSE&G had faced problem of matching the ‘Standardization and Mutual Adjustment’ issue. In every organisation there are certain regulations, SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures), traditional values and standards which specify how an employee can carry out the organisational task. In PSE&G, the employees were en gaged in performing job according to their own rule and they tended to take risks. Besides, there were also communication issues which had occurred from vertical differentiation. Thus, there was need for better interaction between management and the union to resolve the differentiation problem in cultural change process (Jones & Mathew, 2008) Cultural Factors The apt organisational culture can result in better employee performance. Organisational cult

Reading response to The Beautiful City of Tirzah by Harrison Essay

Reading response to The Beautiful City of Tirzah by Harrison Candelaria Fletcher - Essay Example These are some of the efforts that she put in her life that other people would not do. Most of her time was spent when taking care of her collection of animals. This explains an individual with a noble heart and one that does not see time wastage in catering for stray animals. These are some of the most appealing undertakings that the entire Fletcher’s family cherished. Such acts have been showcased severally in Fletcher’s writing. In one instance, she welcomed an owl that had been found by one of her sons into her home. Contrary to most people, she welcomed it in spite of the fact that it is said to be a bad omen and that it brings bad luck to those close by. Instead of viewing the owl as bad luck, she has a positive view of it and even names it Tirzah as outlined in the Bible to depict a beautiful city. This shows that she did not follow misleading superstitions in her quest to cater for the animals in need of help. The author has managed to make some additions into the work to make it very successful. This includes the use of similes in his work. When his mother is naming the owl, the author describes the situation using simile stating that his mother was, â€Å"savoring the syllables, which break like sunlight through her windows crystals, turquoise and yellow† (Fletcher 9). This makes the scene very lively in that the reader is able to form an image of the scene making this section very enjoyable and easily understandable. Moreover, the author uses metaphors to describe some of the small things in that particular scene in great detail. This makes the scene interesting and makes those things appear more beautiful. The author also gets involved in the situation to make their own feelings known to the reader. When describing the owl, the author says that what he liked the most was the eyes of the owl describing them as piercing yellow and the size of dimes. Such description of a small th ing makes the reader aware of how much the

Systems To Involve Stakeholders In The Planning Change Management Essay

Systems To Involve Stakeholders In The Planning Change Management Essay Prior to implementing a companywide change, it is important to get stakeholders on board. Organisations take their stakeholders into confidence, just to ensure the smooth transition, since they are the one who will be affected by the change. For an organisation stakeholder can be its employees, customers, suppliers, shareholders, managers, government, local community, creditors etc. n order to achieve this goal, stakeholder analyses are carried out. Stakeholder Analysis The process of identifying those who will be affected by the actions of organisation. It also enables the managers to analyze the attitudes of stakeholders towards the change. In order to carry out these analysis, following steps are taken: Identify the stakeholders in stakeholder analysis the first step is to come up with the list of any who will be affected by the organisational actions, this can include an individual, a group or an organisation. The possible stakeholders for Gill Construction can be: new Managing Director previous MD senior managers suppliers lenders / banks customers public future recruits, environment protection groups regulatory bodies Prioritize your stakeholders For organisations the list of stakeholders can be very long, in one case of university 20,000 stakeholders were identified. This doesnt mean that everyone is very important to the organisation. Hence the next step in stakeholder analysis is to prioritize stakeholders. This can be done using Power / Interest Grid. Using this grid, Gill construction can identify their key stakeholders, which can be: new Managing Director senior managers suppliers lenders / banks customers public environment protection groups and regulatory bodies existing workforce Stakeholder analysis strategy Understand Your Key Stakeholders this is the last step in stakeholder analysis. It focuses on understanding the key stakeholders, and defines the way they will be affected. It also highlights the interests stakeholders have with the organisation. It answers the following question: What financial or emotional interest do they have in the outcome of change? Is it positive or negative? What motivates them? What information do they want? How do they want to receive information? What is the best way of communicating with them? What is their current opinion? Is it based on good information? Who influences their opinions generally? Do some of these influencers therefore become important stakeholders in their own right? If they are not likely to be positive, what will win them around to support change? How to manage their opposition How they can influence others by their opinion? Convergence and Divergence Another model adopted by management gurus to analyze the stakeholders. It enables the managers to identify the factors which are opposing the stakeholders and which are supporting it. Divergence analysis of the factors which are opposing the change for stakeholders. The first step is to identify the basic change factors which are causing the opposition, these can be beliefs, values, and goals associated with the stake holders. Managers need to answers like What are their beliefs about change and which have led them to oppose it? What are the values being transgressed by change actions? Are their stress values being triggered? How is the change affecting their career social goals? Managers also need into their perception of the change, analyzing this can give them huge edge converting their opposition. They need to answer questions like What do they think about change? What do they think will happen? How do they look at other stakeholders? Convergence elements which are supporting the change. It is much focused on those who oppose the change. Managers need to understand who they are dealing with, what they are capabable how and how they can affect them. For-example A regulatory body or HSE will have permission to shut down the work in progress if they find anything in violation of the laws. Also in case of Supply chain, they may also ruin their relationship with the supplier. Banks and Lenders will have their leverage over the organisation since a loan was taken for the purchase of new machinery. Managers need to look into the following cases: How the stakeholder will be managed? Do they need any leadership or they will just follow? What made them follow the leadership How will they support the change? How prepared are they for the change? Evaluate the systems used to involve stakeholders in the planning of change Stakeholders Circle: A tool designed to gain stakeholder commitment and involve the key stakeholders in developing a change management strategy. This cycle has six steps and also known as Six Steps Stakeholders Cycle Identify the stakeholders The first step is to identify the key stakeholders, which can influence and have interest within the organisation. Prioritize the stake holders Managers need to identify the key stakeholder using the Power-Interest Grid. For Gill Construction these key stakeholders are : MD Employees Management Customers Suppliers Regulatory Bodies Map the Profile next step is to map the profile, how will they be affected, what is in the change for them, how they can be supported, what kind of support we can get from them, what are their culture and values. All the questions will be answered at this point Engagement strategy At this point a managers need to decide how they are going to address the issues of stakeholders in order to gain their commitment and support. New MD of Gill Construction need to hold a meeting with management of the company. Clearly define what He wants to achieve and what his goals are. Since his goal is to improve the quality of the work done and also expand the business. It will be then the job of Management to directly contact their respective staff members and explain the situation to them. Ideas for improvement will be taken. Meeting and Presentations will be held with suppliers and explain your objective to them. Also Management will seek advice from regulatory bodies to assists them in improving the H S at workplace. Banks and Lenders will also be taken into confidence. A clear business plan will be presented to them. Optimise their Support next step in this cycle is to optimise the support from stakeholders. Managers need to be very clear and specific about their objective to the stakeholder and try to get most out of them. They need to keep good relationships with their lenders/ banks and suppliers. Monitor the last and final stage is to monitor the strategy. They need to keep going back to their stakeholders and ensure their support is still with them. If they have any kind of doubts they need to clear them out. Develop a change management strategy with stakeholders A strategy will be formed which will help management at Gill Construction to gain commitment from their stakeholders. A general change management strategy involves three steps: Situational awareness before a companywide change is implemented, everyone will be made aware of the change and what is going to happen in result of this change. A vision will be created Stakeholders will be informed that how this will effect. Suppliers will be notified about what will be expected of them. Employees will be taken into confidence to avoid panic. Supporting structures second step is to structure teams and sponsor coalition. They will be debriefed about who is going to do what. If they will be let go off, they will be informed at this stage. They will be informed that they need to trained to operate the new machinery. Bank or Lender will be informed about new purchases and equipment. New policy about H S will be sent to HSE and they will be informed about it. Suppliers will be contacted and new terms regarding JIT will be set, also material price will be revisited.   Strategy analysis this stage involves risk analysis to be carried out. what degree of risk is involved in this change. What will happen if this strategy fails. In case there is no progress even after this change, what will we do, what if lenders refuse to pass a load. In case of resistance from stakeholders a resistance to change strategy will be required. Management will give their best to negotiate on good terms with the suppliers and use the bargaining power. Management also need to convince the bank and lenders to pass the load and take them into confidence. Create a strategy for managing resistance to change It is in human nature that whenever they are asked to move out of their comfort zone or change, they resist it. When organisations go under change it is very obvious that stakeholders will be afraid of its outcome. Hence it is very important to manage this resistance because this resistance can raise the risk factor during the change or transition process. Passive versus Active Resistance A framework adopted from Active Passive Being critical Agreeing verbally but not following through Ridiculing failing to implement change Appealing to fear Procrastinating or  dragging one feet Using facts selectively Feigning ignorance Blaming or accusing Withholding information, suggestion, help or support Intimidating or threatening Standing by or allowing change to fail Manipulating Blocking Starting rumours Arguing Managing Resistance Before a change is implemented it is very important for managers to either eliminate resistance completely or bring it down to a very lower level such that it has a very minor effect. There can be number of ways for managing this resistance. Some of the ways adopted by Gill Construction can be: Communication everyone within the organisation should be made aware of the situation. Managers need to communicate openly with all the stakeholders and discuss the issues with them. Even if they are supporting the change management need to check with them back to back to ensure the full commitment. Management need to hold meetings, brainstorming session with the staff and communicate with them. Suggestions will be taken from the staff and their participation will be encouraged. Training staff will be provided with appropriate training to build up their skills so that they can operate the new machinery. This will help to eliminate the resistance put up by the operational workforce. Also work-shops will be held with other staff to ensure that they are not left behind. They will be provided with the information and steps involved in this transition will be explained to them. Feedback Taking feedback or suggestions from the stakeholders is always the best way to gain their commitment. This shows to them that management is still listening to them and they hold a value to them. Taking feedback about the training is also good to monitor the staff performance.

Police Use of Force Essay -- Black Lives Matter

The police forces in every community are deemed law enforcement officers and have to take necessary precautions in executing their job. Individuals that police officers encounter may at any time threaten the security of the officer or others. Police officers have to follow procedures that are necessary to maintain control of situations that can cause harm to others or property. The three topics that will be discussed in police use of force are; the explanation and background of use of force, limitations of use of force, and disputed court cases dealing with police use of force. Police use of force can be described as being the "amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject.†(nij.gov, p.1) The stages of force police use are simple verbal and physical restraint, less lethal force and lethal force. Police officers are encouraged to use only enough force necessary to control a situation, arrest the person, or protect themselves or others from harm (p.1). When a situation begins to spiral out of control for the police officers, the next level should be used in order to gain control. Once the situation is resolved, police officers should make sure the injured receive medical treatment and notify family of any injured individuals (p.1). Levels of force that officers use depend upon the unique situation. Guidelines for use of force can be based on factors, including: federal and state regulations, police department’s experience, law enforcement technology availability, and police and citizen relationship that may exist in a particular jurisdiction (p.1) The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights has stated that "†¦in diffusing situations, apprehending alleged criminals, and in keeping everyone safe... ...if they are detailed to a special unit with minimal supervision, their style may be reinforced. They may perceive that the organization sanctions their behavior. This group would do better in peer counseling than individual counseling. It will then make them part of the solution, rather than part of the problem which may be central to changing their behavior. Works Cited Office Of Justice Programs (January 20, 2012) National Institute Of Justice (Police Use of Force http://www.nij.gov/nij/topics/law-enforcement/officer-safety/use-of-force/welcome.htm UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE: COPS COMMUITY ORIENTED POLICING SERVICES (Use Of Force) http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/default.asp?Item=1374 Ellen M. Scrivner (October 1994) Controlling Police Use of Excessive Force: The Role of the Police Psychologist https://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/ppsyc.txt